Find out Parajumpers Norge Beneficial Approaches For Dealing ...

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If you feel your youngster has asthma attack, you need to possess a medical professional produce a diagnosis straight away, so you can start taking steps to avoid an strike from getting triggered. Some of the most typical indications of bronchial asthma that happen to be observed in youngsters include an improved price of breathing, repeated hacking and coughing that may be aggravated by exercising Parajumpers Jacket as well as a drippy nose area. Your child could also wheeze or possess a coughing that has a tendency to become worse at nighttime.

Ensure you breathe outdoors whenever possible. This means you need to available the windows of your dwelling every day. Perfumes, incenses or strong scents can set off asthma attack: usually do not lit up any candles or put on an excessive amount of cologne. Avoid your property if you wish to let stinky painting free of moisture.

If you are affected with bronchial asthma, keep away from guys or women who wear very strong colognes or fragrances. These smells can tarnish the caliber of the air you?re respiration, and can bring about difficulty breathing. Furthermore, you should try to reduce the quantity of entire body aerosols which you placed on your skin in the morning and Jakke Parajumpers evening.

Asthma attack must be considered extremely significantly. Be cautious about air pollution or allergens and make sure to continually hold close to an unexpected emergency inhaler. If left unchecked, it could result in an bronchial asthma attack which could be deadly. In the event you implement these tips, it will be possible to control your asthma signs and symptoms and boost the quality of your lifestyle in the long run.

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Source: http://blog.ladyjane.com.au/find-out-parajumpers-norge-beneficial-approaches-for-dealing-with-your-asthma/

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The Secret Science In a Pint of Beer

There are two things we here at Gizmodo love unabashedly: science and beer. So, when we saw that the gang at the UK's Institute of Physics had launched a site about the physics of beer, we just had to invite them to come for a chat. More »

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/9CI-HascEQE/the-secret-science-in-a-pint-of-beer

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Are Western Chimpanzees a New Species of Pan?

What if I told you there were populations of chimpanzees that made spears to hunt, lived in caves, and loved playing in water?? These are behaviors usually associated with ancient humans, not chimpanzees.? However, recent research has revealed that there are populations of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) that engage in all of these behaviours, and it is challenging our current understanding of chimpanzee taxonomy.? In other words, they may not be chimpanzees!

Western chimpanzees are currently understood as one of four subspecies of chimpanzee.? The other three subspecies are eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes), and Cameroon-Nigeria chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ellioti).? Collectively, these subspecies are members of one of the most well-studied wild animals on the planet.? There are currently several field sites across Africa where long-term, continuous behavioural and ecological studies have been conducted (e.g., Whiten et al., 1999).? Through these studies, we now have a detailed understanding of our closest relatives? social structure, mental capacity, and culture.? The more we understand about our closest relatives, the more we are forced to relegate our differences from them to human-constructed continuums of complexity.? However, researchers are now realizing that there is incredible behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity within chimpanzees, that was previously unknown.

The East African chimp bias

Until recently, scientists knew very little about chimpanzee subspecies variation. An overwhelming majority of wild field studies focused on eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), the subspecies of chimpanzee first studied by Jane Goodall at Gombe in Tanzania (e.g., Goodall, 1962; Goodall, 1967; Goodall, 1968).? Studies of this subspecies primarily informed our scientific understanding of wild chimpanzee behaviour and ecology.? Over the decades, this resulted in what primatologist, Dr. Jill Pruetz, called an ?East African chimp bias? (Pruetz, 2009).? This means that eastern chimpanzee behaviour is typically used to represent normative chimpanzee behaviour.? Researchers have shown that western chimpanzees do not fit the eastern chimpanzee stereotype (e.g., Humle & Matsuzawa, 2002; Boesch, 2009; Pruetz & Bertolani, 2009; Bogart & Pruetz, 2011).

One of the major causes of this initial bias was habituation.? Habituation is the process of conditioning an animal to behave neutrally to a human?s presence, and as I discovered on two recent field surveys in Cameroon, behavioral studies are impossible to conduct on unhabituated populations of chimpanzees.? However, the process of habituation presented (and still presents) primatologists with logistical and ethical concerns.? Logistically, habituation is difficult because chimpanzees lose their fear of our presence only after several years of repeated neutral contact with researchers (Fedigan, 2010).? Habituation presents ethical concerns because humans in general are a threat to chimpanzee existence in the wild (Kondgen et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2011).? It is evolutionarily advantageous for them to avoid us, as opposed to tolerate us (Fedigan, 2010).? Despite all of these problems, eastern chimpanzees were the first subspecies habituated, while most other populations remained unhabituated, thus creating the East African chimp bias.

What?s so different?

Recent primatological research on western chimpanzees has revealed behaviors never before observed in other subspecies.? This seems to be particularly evident in the behaviour of the Fongoli chimpanzees in Senegal.? They live in a woodland-savanna mosaic environment, which is atypical because most known populations of chimpanzee live in a forested environment.? They have been observed to use caves as places to socialize and sleep (Pruetz, 2007), predict movement of fire (Pruetz & LaDuke, 2009), construct spears to hunt other primates (Pruetz & Bertolani, 2007), share plant foods (Pruetz, 2009), feed disproportionately on termites compared to other populations (Bogart & Pruetz, 2011), travel and forage at night (Pruetz & Bertolani, 2009), soak themselves, and play in water (Pruetz & Bertolani, 2009).? These discoveries have forced scientists to rethink behavioral variation among chimpanzee subspecies because eastern chimpanzees have never been observed to behave in any of those ways (Pruetz, 2009).? Furthermore, researchers at other sites in West Africa have also collected data bolstering the claim that western chimpanzee behavior is unlike eastern chimpanzee behavior (e.g., Whiten et al., 2001; Boesch, 2009; Stumpf & Boesch, 2010).

So, are western chimpanzees so different from eastern chimpanzees that they should be classified as a separate species of the genus Pan?? Are they more different from eastern chimpanzees than they are from other closely related primates, such as bonobos?? It is hard to quantify behavioral differences, but it appears as though western and eastern chimpanzees are more behaviorally similar to each other than eastern chimpanzees are to bonobos (Pruetz, 2009).? Also, it is still unclear to what extent the ecological differences between western and eastern chimpanzee habitats are causing these behavioural differences.? Understanding these questions will require future behavioral studies but current genetic evidence may help us better understand the causes of chimpanzee variation.

Genetic evidence indicates that western chimpanzees have been separated from the other chimpanzee subspecies for almost 500,000 years (Gonder et al. 2011).? In contrast, central and eastern chimpanzees may have consisted of a single population as recently as 100,000 years ago (Gonder et al., 2011). Other genetic studies have confirmed that central and eastern chimpanzee populations are more closely related to each other than they are to western chimpanzees (Becquet et al., 2007).? To put those numbers in perspective, bonobos (Pan paniscus) diverged from all chimpanzee subspecies only ~875,000 years ago (Won & Hey, 2004).? Furthermore, research has revealed that subspecies genetic differences between western and central chimpanzees are much stronger than seen between any human populations (Fischer et al., 2004).? This could indicate that there has been strong directional selection and/or genetic drift within western chimpanzee populations over the past 500,000 years.? Is that enough genetic divergence and difference to reclassify Pan troglodytes verus?

A new Pan?

Whether western chimpanzees should be considered a different species within the genus Pan now seems to be largely dependent on definition.? There are several different ways to classify a species.? Some researchers define a species as any organisms that can actually, or potentially interbreed in the wild and produce fertile offspring.? Under this definition, western chimpanzees would not be reclassified because all subspecies of chimpanzee can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, even though they are reproductively isolated in the wild.? However, species are not always classified under this definition.? Species can also be classified based on similarities and differences in DNA, morphology, and ecological niche.? Current behavioral, ecological, and genetic data have revealed that there is an incredible and unexpected amount of chimpanzee subspecies variation that may require us to restructure African great ape taxonomy.? But regardless of whether researchers decide to reclassify western chimpanzees, better understanding of chimpanzee variation has enabled us to gain new insight into our closest relatives, and explore our origins as a species in greater detail.? Spear-making, cave-dwelling, water-loving western chimpanzees offer us a new opportunity to understand early human evolution.? Let?s continue to explore.

?

References

Becquet, C., Patterson, N., Stone, A.C., Przeworski, M., & Reich, D.? 2007.? Genetic structure of chimpanzee populations.? PLoS Genetics, 3: e66.

Boesch, C.? 2009.? The Real Chimpanzee: Sex Strategies in the Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bogart, S.L. & Pruetz, J.D.? 2011.? Insectivory of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal.? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 145: 11-20.

Fedigan, L.M.? 2010.? Ethical issues faced by field primatologists: Asking the relevant question.? American Journal of Primatology, 72: 754-771.

Fischer, A., Wiebe, V., P??bo, S. & Przeworski, M.? 2004.? Evidence for a complex demographic history of chimpanzees. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 21: 799?808.

Gonder, M., Locatelli, S., Ghobrial, L., Mitchell, M., Kujawski, T., Lankester, F., Steward, C., & Tishkoff, S.? (2011).? Evidence from Cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations.? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 4766-4771.

Goodall, J.? 1962.? Nest building behavior in the free ranging chimpanzee.? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.? 102: 455-467.

Goodall, J.? 1967.? My Friends, the Wild Chimpanzees.? Washington: National Geographic Society.

Goodall, J.? 1968.? The Behaviour for Free-living Chimpanzees at the Gombe Stream Reserve.? London: Tindall & Cassell.

Hughes, N., Rosen, N., Gretsky, N., & Sommer, V.? 2011.? Will the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee go extinct?? Models derived from intake rates of ape sanctuaries.? Biomedical and Life Sciences, 35: 545-575.

Humle, T. & Matsuzawa, T.? 2002.? Ant-dipping among the chimpanzees of Bossou, Guinea, and some comparisons with other sites.? American Journal of Primatology, 58: 133-148.

Kondgen, S., Kuhl, H., Goran, P.K.N., Walsh, P.D., Schenk, S., Ernst, N., Biek, R., Formenty, P., Matz-Rensing, K., Schweiger, B., Junglen, S., Ellerbrok, H., Nitsche, A., Briese, T., Lipkin, W.I., Pauli, G., Boesch, C., & Leendertz, F.H.? (2008).? Pandemic viruses cause decline of endangered great apes.? Current Biology, 18, 260-264.

Pruetz, J.? 2007.? Evidence of cave use by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Implications for thermoregulatory behavior.? Primates, 48: 316-309.

Pruetz, J.? 2009.? Redefining chimpanzees: Understanding human evolution on the savanna.? The Leakey Foundation (youtube.com/TheLeakeyFoundation).? Accessed December 1, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dpHwvxOfR8

Pruetz, J.D. & Bertolani, P.? 2007.? Savanna chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools.? Current Biology, 17: 412-417.

Pruetz, J.D. & Bertolani, P.? 2009.? Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) behavioral responses to stresses associated with living in a savanna-mosaic environment: Implications for hominin adaptations to open habitats.? Paleo Anthropology, 252-262.

Pruetz, J.D. & LaDuke, T.C.? 2009.? Brief communication: Reaction to fire by savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal: Conceptualization of ?fire behavior? and the case for a chimpanzee model.? American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 141: 646-650.

Stumpf, R.M. & Boesch, C.? 2010.? Male aggression and sexual coercion in wild West African chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus.? Animal Behaviour, 79: 333-342.

Whiten, A., Goodall, J. McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangham, R.W. & Boesch, C.? 1999.? Cultures in chimpanzees.? Nature, 399: 682-685.

Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangham, R.W. & Boesch, C.? 2001.? Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees.? Behaviour, 138: 1481-1516.

Won, Y-J. & Hey, J.? 2004.? Divergence population genetics of chimpanzees. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 22: 297?307.

Images: top: Male chimpanzee: Hans Hillewaert / CC-BY-SA-3.0; bottom: Chimps from Fongoli, photo by Joshua Marshack.

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=9122991055ca2e5e56d3568851585e76

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Globaly Disease Report: The World Is Fat - Fat, Dietary ... - Health.am

? Fat, Dietary ? ? Obesity ? Dec 14, 2012

Well, shit - it?s not just Americans who are living longer but sicker lives, and it?s not just Western nations, either. The new Global Burden of Disease Report ? a massive undertaking compiled by the World Health Organization using data from 50 countries over 20 years - found ?a massive shift in global health trends,? at the root of which lies widespread obesity. And maybe lack of fruit.

In charting disease risk factors, researchers found low-fruit diets were responsible for more disease than obesity or lack of exercise.

?We were very surprised,? said Christopher J.L. Murray, who headed the study. ?I?m a pretty profound diet skeptic. But the evidence on diet is as convincing as on obesity.?

The good news: ?Kids who used to die from infections diseases are now doing extremely well with immunization,? said Ali Mokdad, co-author of the study. We?re also living 10-13 years longer than projected 20 years ago.

The bad news: We?re seeing the impact of not just a few more obese countries but a more obese world.

All 50 of the countries studied with the exception of those in sub-Saharan Africa showed alarmingly high obesity rates?an 82% increase globally between 1990 and 2010. Middle Eastern countries saw a 100% increase during that time.

?The so-called ?Western lifestyle? is being adapted all around the world, and the impacts are all the same,? said Mokdad.

Countries that never used to see diabetes, stroke and heart disease are now seeing these creep up into their leading causes of death or illness, and the leading disease risk factor globally is now High Blood Pressure.

?We?re even seeing a large percentage of people suffering (obesity-related) back pain now,? he said. Low-back pain is now a bigger worldwide cause of disability than anemia or childbirth complications.

Global shift: On average, people spend the last 14 years of their lives dogged by disease or disability, according to the report. Murray said we?re transitioning ?to a world where disability is the dominant concern as opposed to premature death.?

Other shifts? Deaths from car accidents, lung cancer and diabetes are on the rise. But Malnutrition dropped from 11th to the 21st leading global cause of death, and deaths from measles dropped from the world?s 19th leading cause of death to 62nd.

The report:? Nearly 500 researchers from 302 institution in 50 countries worked on the study. It?s the largest and most ambitious population-wide health study ever attempted, charting 235 causes of death and 67 disease ?risk factors,? from household air pollution to to vitamin A deficiency to childhood sexual abuse. The package of seven papers totaling nearly 200 pages was published in the British journal the Lancet on Thursday. Here?s a cool interactive tool that lets you look at different results.

###

Elizabeth Nolan Brown

Provided by ArmMed Media

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Source: http://www.health.am/ab/more/report-the-world-is-fat/

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Pit bulls maul Calif. man to death, officials say

A California man was mauled to death in a driveway by four pit bulls belonging to a neighbor. KSEE's Angela Greenwood reports.

?

By NBC News staff

A man near Fresno, Calif., was mauled to death by four pit bulls that have since been taken away as authorities on Thursday investigated what happened.

The man was found dead Tuesday night in the driveway of a home in Selma. Animal control officers later impounded four pit bulls, six pit bull puppies and two other dogs at a house next door,?NBC affiliate KSEE TV reported.

Neither the victim nor the dogs' owner were identified.

A neighbor said he wasn't surprised, saying that the pit bulls had killed his own dog about a month ago.

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"They come in our front yard and will come in our driveway," Blake Anderson told KSEE. "I couldn't even get out of my car one time. There were like four of them, so yeah it's ridiculous."?

Anderson said the?owner should be held responsible for letting the dogs run free.

Authorities would not confirm if the owner will face any charges.

Liberty Animal Control Services, which handles pet issues in the area, said it had not received any earlier calls about the pit bulls.

"The owner of the animals was cooperative. He did sign all the animals over to Liberty Animal Control Services, where they will not be returned to the owner," Liberty director Daniel Bailey told KSEE.

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Source: http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/12/13/15886855-pit-bulls-maul-california-man-to-death-officials-say?lite

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Cameron: British agents had role in lawyer death

LONDON (AP) ? British Prime Minister David Cameron on Wednesday condemned actions by British agents in the 1989 death of a Belfast lawyer, one of the most bitterly disputed killings of the entire Northern Ireland conflict.

Cameron cited a long-awaited report on the slaying that said there was a shocking level of state collusion with an outlawed Protestant group in the murder of Pat Finucane, who specialized in defending Irish Republican Army suspects.

Two gunmen from the Ulster Defense Association shot him more than a dozen times in his Belfast home as he was having Sunday lunch with his wife and three children. Employees of the state and state agents played "key roles" in the murder, the report says.

"It cannot be argued that these were rogue agents," Cameron said. However, he declined to order an inquiry, saying that more was learned from the report by human rights lawyer Desmond de Silva than would have been gained through a public inquiry.

Previous investigations already have confirmed that both the British army and the anti-terrorist unit of Northern Ireland's police had agents and informers inside the Ulster Defense Association involved in the killing.

Cameron said de Silva concluded that Finucane probably would not have been killed were it not for the actions of British agents in the Ulster Defense Association.

"Sir Desmond is satisfied there was not an overarching state conspiracy to murder Patrick Finucane," Cameron said. "But while he rejects any state conspiracy he does find, quite frankly, shocking levels of state collusion."

Finucane specialized in defending Irish Republican Army suspects and had three brothers in the outlawed group. Two gunmen from an enemy paramilitary group, the Ulster Defense Association, shot him 14 times in front of his wife and children as they ate a meal in their Belfast home.

A series of secrecy-shrouded probes led by former London police commissioner John Stevens has already concluded that Belfast police and British army intelligence units both operated UDA agents involved in the attack. Stevens says his probes produced 9,256 written statements, 10,391 documents exceeding 1 million pages, and 16,194 exhibits of potential evidence ? virtually none of it made public, all of it open for de Silva to examine.

De Silva's report shed new light on the role that Northern Ireland's legal forces of law and order played in influencing the UDA, a working-class Protestant gang committed to terrorizing the Catholic minority. But his findings may not spur new prosecutions, in part, because key UDA players are already convicted or dead.

One police informer, senior UDA gunman Ken Barrett, pleaded guilty to killing Finucane and received a life sentence in 2004. He was paroled two years later under terms of Northern Ireland's peace accord, which offered early freedom for all convicted members of paramilitary groups observing cease-fires.

Another UDA man on the police payroll, William Stobie, was killed by UDA colleagues in 2001 after testifying he may have supplied the guns used for the Finucane hit and tried to tip off police handlers about it.

A British army intelligence agent, Brian Nelson, served as the UDA's top intelligence officer ? responsible for researching and picking targets ? in the late 1980s. Nelson in 1992 pleaded guilty to 20 criminal charges, including conspiracy to murder, but not directly to involvement in the Finucane killing. He was paroled in 1997 and died in 2003.

The UDA killed more than 250 people, mostly Catholic civilians, before calling a 1994 cease-fire, renouncing violence in 2007, and disarming in 2010.

In October 2011, Britain appointed de Silva, a human rights lawyer, to review its largely secret documentation on the Finucane killing.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/cae69a7523db45408eeb2b3a98c0c9c5/Article_2012-12-12-Britain-Lawyer%20Slain/id-11116e3fcef04f1fb8857ca7f5fd610d

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Smarter cars can help older drivers stay safe on the roadSmarter ...

Although most older drivers have health issues that impact their driving ability, there are many car features that can help them cope.?

Unfortunately not all seniors are aware of this and finding a car with the right features can be difficult.

According to AAA, nearly 90 percent of motorists 65 and older face these issues and it could impact driving safety. They could face problems such as a lack of flexibility or muscle strength.

Data from a new AAA survey also reveals that only one in 10 senior drivers with aging health issues are driving a vehicle that has features like keyless entry and larger dashboard controls that can assist with such conditions.

To better equip the ?silver tsunami? for driving safety and comfort, AAA has updated its Smart Features for Older Drivers resource to address a broader range of health conditions and include new data on 2012 vehicle features.

As a leading advocate for senior driver safety, AAA launched Smart Features for Older Drivers in partnership with the University of Florida?s Institute for Mobility, Activity and Participation in 2008.

In the update, Smart Features identifies vehicle features that optimize older driver safety and comfort, lists current vehicles with those features, and allows users to explore their individual needs through an interactive online tool.

?With 10,000 Americans turning 65 every day, we know that families will be coping with these age-related driving safety issues for years to come,? Robert Darbelnet , AAA president & CEO, said in a statement. ?The good news is that specific ?smart features? on today?s cars can help older drivers and their families deal with these conditions.?

Smart Features addresses a wide variety of conditions that are commonly experienced with aging, including diminished vision, arthritic joints, hip and leg pain and limited upper-body range of motion.

?As a person ages, muscle strength, range of motion and vision tend to diminish and can affect driving ability,? Dr. Sherrilene Classen, director of the Institute for Mobility, Activity and Participation at the University of Florida, said in a statement. ?Not only do these conditions affect a driver?s comfort, their presence can also reduce the ability to safely execute the complex task of driving.?

Because everyone ages differently, AAA recommends older drivers look for vehicles that address their specific needs and medical conditions. Some of the recommendations included in Smart Features for Older Drivers include:

? Drivers suffering from hip or leg pain, decreased leg strength or limited knee range of motion should look for vehicles with six-way adjustable power seats and seat heights that come between the driver?s mid-thigh and lower buttocks. These features can make it easier for drivers to enter and exit a vehicle.

? Drivers with arthritic hands, painful or stiff fingers or diminished fine motor skills benefit from four-door models, thick steering wheels, keyless entry and ignition, power mirrors and seats and larger dashboard controls with buttons. These features reduce the amount of grip strength needed and reduce pain associated with turning or twisting motions.

? Drivers with diminished vision or problems with high-low contrast will find vehicles with auto-dimming mirrors, large audio and climate controls and displays with contrasting text helpful. These features can reduce blinding glare and make controls and displays easier to see.

Underscoring the critical need to improve older driver safety is new research by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety that found that older drivers have the highest rates of death compared to other drivers largely due to their inability to survive a crash.

Conversely, the research found significant gains in overall motorists? safety in the past decade. While crashes per mile driven decreased for drivers of all ages between 1995 and 2010 by 28 percent, the biggest decreases were found in drivers ages 75-79, down 42 percent; and drivers ages 80-84, down 40 percent.

For more information on finding which vehicles is the right fit for, visit SeniorDriving.AAA.com.

?

Source: http://www.consumerinsuranceguide.com/car_insurance/smarter-cars-can-help-older-drivers-stay-safe-on-the-road/

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